Viscous dissipative ternary nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement in MHD flow over a stretching surface

A barrier that researchers and scientists are currently trying to overcome is the low thermal conductivity that occurs during heat transmission procedures. As a result, researchers are taking steps to improve the base fluid thermal conductivity by mixing it with different solid particles. This study examines the phenomena of heat and mass transfer in a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over a stretched surface. This study involved combining a water-based liquid with three distinct kinds of nanoparticles: graphene oxide, silver, and copper. Brownian motion, thermophoresis, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and chemical reactions are also considered in the study. Convective and mass flux boundary conditions are incorporated at the surface of the boundary. The flow equations, which are treated in the form of higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the utilization of similarity transformations. For the solution of the proposed non-linear problem, the bvp4c technique is used. For physical interpretation, the effect of various parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers is discussed through graphs and tables. The skin friction improved for the ternary hybrid nanofluid against higher values of magnetic field and nanoparticle volume fraction. Incremental increase in the magnetic parameter, the velocity of the hybrid nanofluids, and ternary hybrid nanofluids are reduced. The heat transfer rate for the ternary hybrid nanofluid is 4.2% higher than that of the nanofluid for the same volume fraction of nanoparticles. The Sherwood number diminishes for ternary hybrid nanofluid against the nanoparticles volume fraction, whereas it boosts for the Schmidt number. The heat transfer rate improved 21% and 24% for ternary hybrid nanofluid against magnetic and Biot number, respectively.