Xuyan Jia, Yang Dong, Cuili Shen, Yuanyuan Cai, YiTing Xu, Lina Yang, Jiayue Jiang, Tong Sun, Wenhui Lu, Rong Huang
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Conversely, interventions that target the study outcomes and have standardized operational procedures are referred to as specialized interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic literature search across 9 databases, including MEDLINE (via Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL (via EBSCO), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, SinoMed, and Wanfang. Two independent reviewers screened the publications and extracted the data. We evaluated the quality of literature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental clinical trials using the Cochrane Systematic Evaluation Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool. After completing the quality assessment of the literature, we performed a meta-analysis using Stata 17.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 18 studies were identified in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that specialized interventions were significantly better than non-specific interventions in preventing and treating nipple pain and injury associated with breastfeeding. The specialized interventions were effective in reducing the incidence of nipple pain [OR = 0.366, 95% CI (0.155, 0.862), <i>Z</i> = -2.301, <i>p</i> = 0.021 < 0.05], nipple pain scores [SMD = -0.451, 95% CI (-0.748, -0.154), <i>Z</i> = -2.978, <i>p</i> = 0.003 < 0.05], incidence of nipple injury [OR = 0.316, 95% CI (0.231, 0.433), <i>Z</i> = -7.177, <i>p</i> < 0.001], and intensity of nipple injury [SMD = -0.964, 95% CI (-1.404, -0.525), <i>Z</i> = -4.303, <i>p</i> < 0.001].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that specialized interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple injury and pain are significantly more effective than non-specific interventions. It also demonstrates that preventive measures initiated before nipple pain onset are more effective than post-pain interventions.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251045411, PROSPERO CRD420251045411.</p>","PeriodicalId":73087,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in global women's health","volume":"6 ","pages":"1507723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12283698/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple pain or injury: a meta-analysis.\",\"authors\":\"Xuyan Jia, Yang Dong, Cuili Shen, Yuanyuan Cai, YiTing Xu, Lina Yang, Jiayue Jiang, Tong Sun, Wenhui Lu, Rong Huang\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fgwh.2025.1507723\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nipple pain or injury is one of the main reasons many mothers stop breastfeeding. We integrated existing literature and conducted a quantitative evaluation of efficacy, with the aim of identifying effective clinical interventions for alleviating breastfeeding-related nipple pain and injury, and providing evidence-based recommendations for future research and clinical practice. In our study, non-specific interventions are defined as measures that do not specifically provide breastfeeding support and are designed to exclude natural factors or induce placebo effects. Conversely, interventions that target the study outcomes and have standardized operational procedures are referred to as specialized interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic literature search across 9 databases, including MEDLINE (via Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL (via EBSCO), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, SinoMed, and Wanfang. Two independent reviewers screened the publications and extracted the data. We evaluated the quality of literature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental clinical trials using the Cochrane Systematic Evaluation Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool. After completing the quality assessment of the literature, we performed a meta-analysis using Stata 17.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 18 studies were identified in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that specialized interventions were significantly better than non-specific interventions in preventing and treating nipple pain and injury associated with breastfeeding. The specialized interventions were effective in reducing the incidence of nipple pain [OR = 0.366, 95% CI (0.155, 0.862), <i>Z</i> = -2.301, <i>p</i> = 0.021 < 0.05], nipple pain scores [SMD = -0.451, 95% CI (-0.748, -0.154), <i>Z</i> = -2.978, <i>p</i> = 0.003 < 0.05], incidence of nipple injury [OR = 0.316, 95% CI (0.231, 0.433), <i>Z</i> = -7.177, <i>p</i> < 0.001], and intensity of nipple injury [SMD = -0.964, 95% CI (-1.404, -0.525), <i>Z</i> = -4.303, <i>p</i> < 0.001].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that specialized interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple injury and pain are significantly more effective than non-specific interventions. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景：乳头疼痛或损伤是许多母亲停止母乳喂养的主要原因之一。我们整合现有文献并对疗效进行定量评价，旨在确定有效的临床干预措施，以减轻母乳喂养相关的乳头疼痛和损伤，并为未来的研究和临床实践提供循证建议。在我们的研究中，非特异性干预被定义为不专门提供母乳喂养支持的措施，旨在排除自然因素或诱导安慰剂效应。相反，针对研究结果并具有标准化操作程序的干预措施被称为专门干预措施。方法：系统检索MEDLINE（通过Ovid）、PubMed、Web of Science、CINAHL（通过EBSCO）、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、CNKI、SinoMed、万方等9个数据库的文献。两名独立的审稿人筛选了这些出版物并提取了数据。我们使用Cochrane系统评价偏倚风险评估工具和JBI关键评估工具评估随机对照试验（rct）和准实验临床试验的文献质量。在完成文献质量评估后，我们使用Stata 17.0进行meta分析。结果：荟萃分析共纳入18项研究。meta分析结果显示，在预防和治疗与母乳喂养相关的乳头疼痛和损伤方面，专门干预措施明显优于非专门干预措施。专科干预对降低乳头疼痛发生率有效[OR = 0.366, 95% CI (0.155, 0.862), Z = -2.301, p = 0.021 Z = -2.978, p = 0.003 Z = -7.177, p = -4.303， p]结论：本研究表明专科干预对母乳喂养相关乳头损伤和疼痛的治疗效果明显优于非专科干预。它还表明，预防措施开始之前乳头疼痛发作比疼痛后的干预更有效。系统评价注册：https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251045411, PROSPERO CRD420251045411。
Interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple pain or injury: a meta-analysis.
Background: Nipple pain or injury is one of the main reasons many mothers stop breastfeeding. We integrated existing literature and conducted a quantitative evaluation of efficacy, with the aim of identifying effective clinical interventions for alleviating breastfeeding-related nipple pain and injury, and providing evidence-based recommendations for future research and clinical practice. In our study, non-specific interventions are defined as measures that do not specifically provide breastfeeding support and are designed to exclude natural factors or induce placebo effects. Conversely, interventions that target the study outcomes and have standardized operational procedures are referred to as specialized interventions.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search across 9 databases, including MEDLINE (via Ovid), PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL (via EBSCO), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, SinoMed, and Wanfang. Two independent reviewers screened the publications and extracted the data. We evaluated the quality of literature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental clinical trials using the Cochrane Systematic Evaluation Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool. After completing the quality assessment of the literature, we performed a meta-analysis using Stata 17.0.
Results: A total of 18 studies were identified in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that specialized interventions were significantly better than non-specific interventions in preventing and treating nipple pain and injury associated with breastfeeding. The specialized interventions were effective in reducing the incidence of nipple pain [OR = 0.366, 95% CI (0.155, 0.862), Z = -2.301, p = 0.021 < 0.05], nipple pain scores [SMD = -0.451, 95% CI (-0.748, -0.154), Z = -2.978, p = 0.003 < 0.05], incidence of nipple injury [OR = 0.316, 95% CI (0.231, 0.433), Z = -7.177, p < 0.001], and intensity of nipple injury [SMD = -0.964, 95% CI (-1.404, -0.525), Z = -4.303, p < 0.001].
Conclusion: This study shows that specialized interventions for breastfeeding-related nipple injury and pain are significantly more effective than non-specific interventions. It also demonstrates that preventive measures initiated before nipple pain onset are more effective than post-pain interventions.
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