Haloalkaliphilic Archaea as Sources of Carotenoids: Ecological Distribution, Biosynthesis and Therapeutic Applications.

The haloalkaliphilic archaea are a group of unique organisms that can thrive in environments with high salinity and alkaline pH. Theses microorganisms have developed various strategies to survive in polyextereme conditions, carotenoids production included as a one of defense mechanism. The ecological distribution of haloalkaliphilic archaea is in soda lakes. Haloalkaliphilic carotenoids producing archaea includes genera such as Natronococcus, Halostagnicola, Natrialba, Natronobacterium, Natronolimnobius, and Natronorubrum. The main carotenoids produce by haloalkaliphilic archea are bacterioruberin and its derivatives. In silico studies of bacterioruberin and its derivatives have shown potential results in binding to cancer-related proteins like MMP-9, ROS1, Bcl-2 cyclin D1. Bacterioruberin from haloalkophiles have higher antioxidanat potential compare to halophilic archea. Bacterioruberin able to inhibit the most importanat replicative enzyme of viruses. They have gained recent attention due to their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial properties. The bacterioruberin applied in the field of biotechnological and industrial of these as natural colorants, Immunomodulants, feed additive. Extremozymes of these organisms have advantage due to their ability to active in such extreme condition.