Wlademir Braga Salgado Sobrinho, Bárbara Batista Salgado, Aguyda Rayany Cavalcante Barbosa, Vanessa Araújo Passos, Lisvane Paes Vieira, Lhorruama Dias do Nascimento, Jaila Dias Borges Lalwani, Pritesh Jaychand Lalwani, Paulo Afonso Nogueira
{"title":"一项为期20个月的纵向研究，评估COVID-19疫苗后的体液和细胞免疫","authors":"Wlademir Braga Salgado Sobrinho, Bárbara Batista Salgado, Aguyda Rayany Cavalcante Barbosa, Vanessa Araújo Passos, Lisvane Paes Vieira, Lhorruama Dias do Nascimento, Jaila Dias Borges Lalwani, Pritesh Jaychand Lalwani, Paulo Afonso Nogueira","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240193","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is well established; however, the long-term durability of vaccine-induced immunity remains to be fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study longitudinally compared humoral and cellular immune responses in two groups: G1, who received two doses of Sinovac-CoronaVac, and G2, who received two doses of AstraZeneca-Oxford, both subsequently boosted with Pfizer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immune responses were assessed at five time points: P1 (prior to the second dose), P2 (90-180 days after the second dose), P3 (pre-booster, six-eight months post-second dose), P4 (90-180 days post-booster), and P5 (180-270 days post-booster). Anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IFNγ-producing cells in response to Spike peptides were quantified using enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT). IgG subclasses were analysed in a subset of samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the first dose, Sinovac-CoronaVac induced lower anti-Spike IgG levels than AstraZeneca-Oxford, though levels equalised after the second dose. After the Pfizer booster, anti-Spike IgG levels remained elevated for up to six months in both groups. IgG1 was predominant in both groups, with occasional expression of IgG2 and IgG4. The mean frequency of IFNγ-producing cells was lower in the Sinovac-CoronaVac group before and up to six months after the second dose, compared to AstraZeneca-Oxford. However, post-Pfizer booster, both means became comparable. Between 90-180 days post-booster, the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group exhibited a statistically significant decline in IFNγ-producing cells relative to the AstraZeneca-Oxford + Pfizer group. By P5, over half of individuals in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group demonstrated no detectable cellular response.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>High antibody levels were maintained for up to six months following both homologous and heterologous vaccination. However, cellular immunity declined more markedly in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group, resulting in a higher proportion of non-responders. These findings underscore the importance of tailored booster strategies to sustain protective immunity against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":"120 ","pages":"e240193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12274068/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A 20-month longitudinal study to evaluate humoral and cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccines.\",\"authors\":\"Wlademir Braga Salgado Sobrinho, Bárbara Batista Salgado, Aguyda Rayany Cavalcante Barbosa, Vanessa Araújo Passos, Lisvane Paes Vieira, Lhorruama Dias do Nascimento, Jaila Dias Borges Lalwani, Pritesh Jaychand Lalwani, Paulo Afonso Nogueira\",\"doi\":\"10.1590/0074-02760240193\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is well established; however, the long-term durability of vaccine-induced immunity remains to be fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study longitudinally compared humoral and cellular immune responses in two groups: G1, who received two doses of Sinovac-CoronaVac, and G2, who received two doses of AstraZeneca-Oxford, both subsequently boosted with Pfizer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immune responses were assessed at five time points: P1 (prior to the second dose), P2 (90-180 days after the second dose), P3 (pre-booster, six-eight months post-second dose), P4 (90-180 days post-booster), and P5 (180-270 days post-booster). Anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IFNγ-producing cells in response to Spike peptides were quantified using enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT). IgG subclasses were analysed in a subset of samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the first dose, Sinovac-CoronaVac induced lower anti-Spike IgG levels than AstraZeneca-Oxford, though levels equalised after the second dose. After the Pfizer booster, anti-Spike IgG levels remained elevated for up to six months in both groups. IgG1 was predominant in both groups, with occasional expression of IgG2 and IgG4. The mean frequency of IFNγ-producing cells was lower in the Sinovac-CoronaVac group before and up to six months after the second dose, compared to AstraZeneca-Oxford. However, post-Pfizer booster, both means became comparable. Between 90-180 days post-booster, the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group exhibited a statistically significant decline in IFNγ-producing cells relative to the AstraZeneca-Oxford + Pfizer group. By P5, over half of individuals in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group demonstrated no detectable cellular response.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>High antibody levels were maintained for up to six months following both homologous and heterologous vaccination. However, cellular immunity declined more markedly in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group, resulting in a higher proportion of non-responders. 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A 20-month longitudinal study to evaluate humoral and cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccines.
Background: The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is well established; however, the long-term durability of vaccine-induced immunity remains to be fully elucidated.
Objectives: This study longitudinally compared humoral and cellular immune responses in two groups: G1, who received two doses of Sinovac-CoronaVac, and G2, who received two doses of AstraZeneca-Oxford, both subsequently boosted with Pfizer.
Methods: Immune responses were assessed at five time points: P1 (prior to the second dose), P2 (90-180 days after the second dose), P3 (pre-booster, six-eight months post-second dose), P4 (90-180 days post-booster), and P5 (180-270 days post-booster). Anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while IFNγ-producing cells in response to Spike peptides were quantified using enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT). IgG subclasses were analysed in a subset of samples.
Results: Following the first dose, Sinovac-CoronaVac induced lower anti-Spike IgG levels than AstraZeneca-Oxford, though levels equalised after the second dose. After the Pfizer booster, anti-Spike IgG levels remained elevated for up to six months in both groups. IgG1 was predominant in both groups, with occasional expression of IgG2 and IgG4. The mean frequency of IFNγ-producing cells was lower in the Sinovac-CoronaVac group before and up to six months after the second dose, compared to AstraZeneca-Oxford. However, post-Pfizer booster, both means became comparable. Between 90-180 days post-booster, the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group exhibited a statistically significant decline in IFNγ-producing cells relative to the AstraZeneca-Oxford + Pfizer group. By P5, over half of individuals in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group demonstrated no detectable cellular response.
Main conclusions: High antibody levels were maintained for up to six months following both homologous and heterologous vaccination. However, cellular immunity declined more markedly in the Sinovac-CoronaVac + Pfizer group, resulting in a higher proportion of non-responders. These findings underscore the importance of tailored booster strategies to sustain protective immunity against COVID-19.
期刊介绍：
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz is a journal specialized in microbes & their vectors causing human infections. This means that we accept manuscripts covering multidisciplinary approaches and findings in the basic aspects of infectious diseases, e.g. basic in research in prokariotes, eukaryotes, and/or virus. Articles must clearly show what is the main question to be answered, the hypothesis raised, and the contribution given by the study.
Priority is given to manuscripts reporting novel mechanisms and general findings concerning the biology of human infectious prokariotes, eukariotes or virus. Papers reporting innovative methods for diagnostics or that advance the basic research with these infectious agents are also welcome.
It is important to mention what we do not publish: veterinary infectious agents research, taxonomic analysis and re-description of species, epidemiological studies or surveys or case reports and data re-analysis. Manuscripts that fall in these cases or that are considered of low priority by the journal editorial board, will be returned to the author(s) for submission to another journal.
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