Advances in regenerative cardiology: Stem cells versus bioartificial tissues.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The human myocardium has a limited regenerative capacity, prompting the development of innovative strategies to restore cardiac function. Stem cells (SCs) and bioartificial tissues (BATs) have emerged as promising tools in regenerative cardiology for myocardial repair and functional recovery.

Methods: This review analyzes current preclinical and clinical research focused on SC- and BAT-based therapies for CR. Literature was identified through comprehensive database searches. Studies evaluating cardiomyocyte differentiation, integration into host tissue, vascularisation and electromechanical properties were selected. Emphasis was placed on therapeutic potential, safety and translational challenges.

Results: SCs, including embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrated potential to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells and contribute to myocardial restoration. When combined with biomaterial scaffolds or decellularized matrices, SCs showed improved survival, structural support, and functional integration. BATs, such as engineered heart tissue, replicated native myocardial architecture and supported synchronized contraction. Despite these advances, concerns persist regarding immunogenicity, arrhythmias, and long-term efficacy. Technical hurdles in large-scale production and personalised application remain unresolved.

Conclusions: SC- and BAT-based therapies offer innovative avenues for repairing damaged myocardium. Their application could revolutionise treatment strategies for heart failure and post-infarction remodelling. However, clinical translation requires addressing immune compatibility, arrhythmic risk and manufacturing limitations. Interdisciplinary collaboration and regulatory standardisation are essential for their future clinical adoption.