Linalool in chronic diseases: A comprehensive review of its pharmacological potential and delivery aspects

Chronic diseases rank among the leading causes of death worldwide. Plant-derived phytochemicals are known to exert a wide range of health benefits, and linalool, a noncyclic monoterpenoid found in commonly used culinary herbs and spices, has demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancer effects. Plants synthesize linalool via the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. It undergoes a metabolic transformation in the mammalian system upon ingestion, resulting in bioactive metabolites. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the biosynthesis of linalool, its metabolism, pharmacological mechanisms, and drug delivery approaches related to linalool in the context of chronic disease management. A detailed literature search was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to March 2025. A total of 259 articles relevant to linalool's biosynthesis, therapeutic effects, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics were included. The review summarizes current knowledge on linalool's biosynthesis, its biological activities across a spectrum of chronic diseases, and the molecular mechanisms involved, such as modulation of dopamine levels, tyrosine hydroxylase activity, oxidative stress pathways, and expression of inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX). Furthermore, the review highlights innovative delivery systems, including nanocarriers, that have been developed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of linalool. Given its multitargeted pharmacological profile, linalool is a promising candidate for managing chronic diseases. However, further preclinical and clinical investigations are necessary to validate its therapeutic potential and optimize delivery strategies.