Interplay Between Transcription Factors and Redox-Related Genes in ROS, RNS and H2S Signalling During Plant Stress Responses.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) are well-recognised signalling molecules with complex metabolic pathways and interactive networks. At high concentrations, these molecules induce nitro-oxidative stress, damaging lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. However, growing evidence underscores their dual role as redox signals that facilitate stress adaptation. Precise control of H₂O₂, NO and H₂S production is therefore crucial. The metabolism of their reactive derivatives, collectively known as reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), is tightly regulated by numerous transcription factors (TFs). These TFs act as central redox sensors, perceiving oxidative cues through post-translational modifications, conformational changes and nuclear-cytosolic shuttling, leading to transcriptional reprogramming. Despite these advances, a comprehensive understanding of redox-regulated TF networks remains incomplete. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the intricate interactions among H₂O₂, NO and H₂S, and their transcriptional regulators. We highlight recent findings and discuss their significance for plant stress responses, emphasising the role of redox-regulated TF networks in adaptation to adverse environmental conditions.