Multi-Module Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical and Environmental Remediation Applications

Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are untethered, small-scale devices designed to perform complex tasks in challenging and inaccessible environments, with promising biomedicine and environmental remediation applications. Recent advancements in multi-module MNRs, which incorporate functional components such as actuators, propellers, imaging modalities, and manipulators, have significantly expanded their capabilities while addressing the limitations of single-module designs. This article reviews recent progress in these core modules, emphasizing their application in biomedicine, including targeted drug delivery, tissue repair, and diagnosis, as well as in environmental remediation, such as pollutant removal and microorganism treatment. It highlights practical strategies to address real-world challenges in these domains, with a focus on the multi-module design in enhancing functionality. Despite substantial advancements, key challenges persist, including scalability, real-time imaging, and intelligent control. Future research directions include the development of intelligent modules equipped with memory, data processing, and communication functions, enabling autonomous decision-making and closed-loop control. These developments hold the potential to foster innovation in medicine, environmental sustainability, and other critical fields.