Comparison of the performance of various forms of nano carbon as a membrane with the aim of optimal use in water purification and providing a mathematical model to predict membrane behavior

The growing global population and the provision of safe drinking water have become a major challenge facing the world today. Water shortages are felt in various uses such as drinking, industry, and agriculture, and the need for water consumption is expected to double in the next 25 years according to forecasts. One way to meet the need for water consumption is to use saline water from wells, wastewater, and their treatment. In this study, using laboratory studies, the clogging of various types of nano-membranes including different forms of carbon such as single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and fullerene (C60) which are used in the water purification process is investigated. Experimental results show that the use of a membrane made with multi-walled carbon nanotubes performs better compared to other forms of carbon and therefore has a more favorable performance in reducing the hardness of the effluent. Experimental results show that the total hardness of the treated water when using a membrane made with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at a constant temperature of 23 °C and a mass of 10 g and a flow rate of 1.87 L per second after 10 days is equal to 210 micro mhos per centimeter. The significance of this research lies in its comprehensive comparison of various carbon-based nano-membranes for water purification and the development of a predictive mathematical model for membrane fouling behavior. By identifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the optimal material with superior performance, longevity, and reusability, this study offers a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of membrane-based desalination systems. The findings contribute to addressing the global challenge of water scarcity by advancing nanotechnology applications in environmental engineering.