Active DC to DC converter based battery charge balancing systems from renewable energy by using electric vehicle

The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with smart grids demands efficient and intelligent battery management systems. This study presents a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter-based active balancing topology that supports dual operational modes for energy exchange between microgrids and EVs. The system incorporates a Combined Discharge and Balancing Circuit (CDBC) and a modular pulse-width modulation (PWM) control strategy to enable dynamic charge redistribution and support both active and reactive balancing. The proposed topology enhances system flexibility, reduces energy losses, and allows real-time voltage and current equalization across multiple battery cells. Numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the superiority of the method compared to traditional passive and active balancing approaches. On average, the system achieves higher balancing efficiency and available capacity with reduced balancing time, even under varying cell conditions. This work contributes a scalable and efficient solution for next-generation battery management systems, offering practical relevance for applications in electric mobility, distributed energy storage, and grid-interactive infrastructures. The simulation framework also establishes a strong foundation for future experimental validation and hardware implementation.