3D Printing of Bioceramic Multifunctional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has great potential for treating refractory bone defects caused by degenerative diseases, age‐related diseases, and immunometabolic disorders without the complications associated with traditional autologous or allogeneic bone grafts. 3D printing technology allows precise control of scaffold structures to fabricate complex structures that mimic the layered tissues of natural bone to meet patients' anatomical and functional requirements, and has been widely used for bionic scaffold processing for BTE. Compared to inert scaffolds, bioceramic scaffolds offer superior capabilities such as excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, suitable mechanical properties, controlled degradation rates, and functionality to meet individual needs, which are essential for enhanced osseointegration and mechanical stability. In addition, they can yield controlled multifunctional therapeutic effects matched to the needs, such as antibacterial or antitumor properties. This study reviews advances in 3D‐printed bioceramic multifunctional scaffolds for BTE. First, 3D printing techniques and a range of bioceramic materials suitable for bioceramic scaffolds are introduced. Notable advances in 3D‐printed bioceramic scaffolds for personalized structural and multifunctional repair are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the challenges faced in the development and clinical application of multifunctional bioceramic scaffolds, discusses future trends, such as the application of modular scaffolds, and points out emerging technologies in this field.