Constipation in adults: undertaking a holistic nursing assessment.

Constipation results in infrequent or hard stools and pain during bowel movements and is a widespread issue across all age groups, but particularly among hospitalised older adults. Undertaking a holistic assessment of constipation in adults is essential to enable the nurse to identify any underlying causes, prevent complications and ensure effective management. Early recognition of constipation reduces the risk of faecal impaction, discomfort and associated conditions, which can affect patients' well-being and quality of life. This article describes the pathophysiology of constipation, the diagnostic criteria that assist in confirming the presence of functional constipation and the different types and potential underlying causes of constipation. The author details the various elements that should be incorporated in a comprehensive, holistic nursing assessment of constipation, which may include a medication review, laboratory investigations and evaluation of the patient's well-being, quality of life, activity levels and diet.