Metal Stabilization of Metal-Supported Catalysts: Anchoring Strategies and Catalytic Applications in Carbon Resources Conversion

Metal-supported catalysts often suffer from irreversible deactivation, primarily due to sintering and leaching, as a result of the harsh reaction environment. This leads to a decline in their stability and recyclability. To improve the stability of these catalysts, various anchoring strategies for active metal species have been developed. This paper classifies and explores the most commonly used anchoring strategies across three levels: site, molecular, and structural anchoring. It emphasizes the critical roles of metal-support interactions and confinement effects in preventing sintering and leaching. The integration of these anchoring strategies significantly enhances the stability of metal supported catalysts, particularly in carbon resource conversion reactions, where carbon dioxide, biomass, and plastics serve as feedstocks under challenging conditions such as high temperatures and hydrothermal environments. The insights from this research are essential for guiding the industrial-scale application of these processes.