Airport sustainability and risk assessment using interval-valued Fermatean Fuzzy MCDM network analysis

International airports are among the most crucial transportation hubs, especially in island regions or countries. They serve not only as logistics centers but also as key infrastructure for international travel and trade. In Taiwan, Taoyuan International Airport is the largest and most significant international gateway, handling over 44.7 million passengers in 2024 and serving as a strategic hub for both passenger and cargo transportation. Given its pivotal role, the sustainable development and risk resilience of Taoyuan International Airport are essential to maintaining the stability and competitiveness of the national transportation system. This study proposes a comprehensive assessment framework tailored for international airports, with a case application to Taoyuan International Airport. The framework captures multiple aspects of airport performance, including economic efficiency, environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and operational risk preparedness, and incorporates 12 core evaluation criteria. To analyze the interrelationships among these criteria and determine their relative influence, an Interval Fermatean Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-based Analytic Network Process (IFF-DANP) model is introduced. This model integrates the Group Judgment Integration Technique (GJIT), Fermatean Fuzzy Sets (FFs), and DEMATEL-based ANP to effectively handle uncertainty and consolidate expert evaluations. Comparative analyses with other methods confirm the robustness and comprehensiveness of the proposed approach. Results indicate that “Airport Resilience and Risk Control Strategies” is the most critical criterion overall. Additionally, key drivers within the framework include “Operational Cost Rationality Management,” “Smart Response Management,” “Enhancing Transport Facility Inclusivity,” and “Enhancing Digital Innovation and Staff Training.” The insights gained offer practical guidance for airport managers and policymakers aiming to enhance sustainability and resilience in complex operational environments.