Peer-to-peer power trading and pricing for rental energy storage shared community microgrid: A coordinated Stackelberg and cooperative game

The configuration of photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage (ES) systems for prosumers can significantly reduce their electricity bills. However, the high initial investment cost and prolonged recovery cycle of ES systems hinder their large-scale adoption. This paper proposes an ES renting and sharing business model to operate a community microgrid with multiple PV prosumers. The model derives a coordinated Stackelberg and cooperative game to thoroughly investigate peer-to-peer (P2P) power trading and pricing among prosumers, shared rental ES, and distribution system operator (DSO). Firstly, a Stackelberg game-based bi-level iterative optimization is proposed to capture the interaction between the DSO and multiple stakeholders, aiming to derive optimal P2P trading and pricing under PV uncertainty. Additionally, an asymmetric cooperative game is presented to ensure coalition cost minimization and fair profit distribution between prosumers and shared rental ES. To address the privacy concerns of prosumers and enhance computational efficiency, an adaptive direction multiplier method (A-ADMM) is utilized to solve the cooperative game. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in reducing the operational costs of the community microgrid while enhancing the level of PV power sharing among prosumers. The model also achieves a fair distribution of cooperative profits among the multiple prosumers and the shared rental ES alliance.