Blood and digital biomarkers in MG.

Biomarkers are measurable indicators to assess physiological processes, disease states, or therapy responses. In myasthenia gravis (MG), biomarkers are critical for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment optimization. Despite advances in MG diagnostics and therapies, predictive biomarkers to personalize treatment remain underdeveloped. Key diagnostic blood biomarkers include antibodies against acetylcholine receptors (AChR) or muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), confirming MG diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. Prognostic markers, such as microRNAs (e.g., miR-150-5p and miR-30e-5p), show promise in predicting disease progression. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers enhance treatment precision, including CD20+ B cell counts for Rituximab and the CYP3A5 gene for Tacrolimus. Emerging research on metabolites, T and B-cell markers, complement factors, and proteomics may help distinguish MG's autoimmune profile. Digital biomarkers, using wearables and sensors, offer innovative patient monitoring. Future efforts integrating multi-omics and big data could revolutionize biomarker discovery, advancing personalized care and improving outcomes for MG patients.