The PAZ pocket and dimerization drive CpAgo’s guide-independent and DNA-guided dual catalysis

Argonaute proteins (Agos) play essential roles in nucleic acid targeting across life domains. While eukaryotic Agos (eAgos) utilize small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) for RNA interference, the mechanisms driving prokaryotic Agos (pAgos) in bacterial defense remain underexplored. Here, we characterize the mesophilic pAgo from Clostridium perfringens (CpAgo), which exhibits robust guide-independent and DNA-guided activity at 37 °C. CpAgo efficiently degrades plasmids and structured RNAs into small fragments, generating DNA fragments that serve as guides for subsequent cleavage. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a positively-charged PAZ nucleotide-binding pocket, critical for both guide-dependent and guide-independent substrate recognition and cleavage. Structural analysis identifies CpAgo’s dimerization as a prerequisite for catalytic activity, supporting both nucleic acid degradation and targeted action. Functional assays in Escherichia coli demonstrate CpAgo’s role in bacterial defense by mediating plasmid degradation and DNA-guided cleavage. These findings position CpAgo as a critical component of prokaryotic immunity and a promising tool for biotechnology.