Carbon-optimization driven resilience assessment of cascading failure for multimodal transportation networks within the belt and road initiative

In the context of global supply chain restructuring and climate change, the “Belt and Road Initiative” multimodal transportation network faces stability challenges stemming from cascading failures induced by node/link disruptions. This study develops a dynamic resilience assessment framework for the “Belt and Road Initiative” multimodal transportation network under cascading failure scenarios while incorporating carbon emission reduction objectives. The framework systematically examines resilience evolution patterns and evaluates the efficacy of various load redistribution strategies. This study implements a dual-objective optimization model that simultaneously minimizes carbon emissions and economic costs, then optimize the “Belt and Road Initiative” multimodal network and analyze the trade-offs between carbon footprint of transportation and network resilience. The findings demonstrate that appropriate nodal redundancy in transport capacity significantly enhances network resilience. The optimized network achieves concurrent carbon emission reduction, fewer node failures, and enhanced partial adaptability and disturbance resistance.