Harnessing Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Nanocomposites for Eco-Friendly Dye Remediation

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials to remediate the environment due to their low toxicity, tunable photoluminescence, and easy functionalization. The review focuses on recent advances in the fabrication of CQDs from renewable biomass sources, emphasizing sustainable and high-yield fabrication techniques. Biomass-derived CQDs are compared to conventionally synthesized counterparts based on their physicochemical properties and dye remediation performances. Besides their dual functionality in dye sensing and photocatalytic degradation, they also exhibit long-term stability, which is essential for real-world applications. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of green synthesis pathways is also discussed, evaluating their potential for scalability and environmental footprint. Biomass precursor heterogeneity and standardization challenges are addressed along with future industrial applications. Furthermore, based on a state-of-the-art review, this review outlines a strategy for the eco-friendly deployment of CQDs in dye remediation technologies.