Advances of inhalable nano-formulations.

Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) offer significant benefits, including high specific surface area, structural and functional diversity, and surface modifiability. When further engineered into inhalable nano-formulations, they can facilitate precise pulmonary drug delivery, enhance pulmonary bioavailability, and improve therapeutic efficacy. The nebulization stability of nano-drugs can be enhanced through structure optimization, surface modification, dispersion medium optimization, and device refinement. Furthermore, pulmonary delivery efficiency is improved by strategies such as employing blending excipients to enhance the re-dispersibility of nanoparticle agglomerates, optimizing microcarrier design, and innovating preparation processes. This review summarizes inhalable nano-formulations for the treatment of respiratory diseases, highlighting the key challenges and corresponding strategies encountered in combining NDDSs with inhalation drug delivery systems. It aims to provide a reference for the future development of inhalable nano-formulations.