Resilience of Portulaca plants to environmental stresses and the economic potential of their bioactive compounds.

Main conclusion: This review highlights the health benefits and environmental potential of Portulaca species, particularly Portulaca oleracea L., and emphasizes addressing challenges in bioactive compound yields and scalability for broader applications. Portulaca species (Portulaca spp.) are globally distributed and rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, betalains, and fatty acids. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Among these species, Portulaca oleracea L. or purslane is notable for its long history in the traditional medicine. Its aqueous extracts have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties, particularly in mitigating oxidative stress and gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, its nutritional profile, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, is higher than many leafy vegetables. As a genus of succulents, Portulaca is highly adaptable to abiotic stresses like drought, heat, and salinity due to unique physiological mechanisms, such as C₄ and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis. Its versatility extends to various applications, including soil conditioning, livestock feed, phytoremediation, and pest management. Furthermore, Portulaca's ability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals underscores its potential in environmental cleanup. However, challenges, such as low bioactive compound yields, scalability issues, and regulatory considerations, hinder its broader applications. Advances in metabolomics, genomics, and sustainable cultivation practices are pivotal to unlocking the full potential of Portulaca in agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights the untapped potential of Portulaca in agricultural applications, emphasizing its role in developing climate-resilient crops and innovative therapeutic solutions while also exploring the chemical diversity and biological activities of its bioactive compounds.