Yang Du, Peng Liu, Xu Huang, Fangang Meng, Lijun Fan, Weijia Li, Jinyin Yao, Xianglan Chen, Zhuowen Li, Ming Li, Chunpeng Lv, Wen Jiang, Wei Zhang, Dianjun Sun
{"title":"长期暴露于饮用水中碘水平升高与成人自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的发生有关:来自中国山东省的一项病例对照研究的结果。","authors":"Yang Du, Peng Liu, Xu Huang, Fangang Meng, Lijun Fan, Weijia Li, Jinyin Yao, Xianglan Chen, Zhuowen Li, Ming Li, Chunpeng Lv, Wen Jiang, Wei Zhang, Dianjun Sun","doi":"10.1155/jnme/1510663","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Excessive iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relationship between prolonged exposure to iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) remains uncertain. The objective of the present study was to assess whether elevated iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water are a risk factor for AITD. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a case-control study at a hospital, enrolling 668 adults. We measured serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), water iodine concentration (WIC), and serum cytokine concentrations-including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). <b>Results:</b> The study demonstrated that individuals with water iodine levels > 100 μg/L had a significantly higher risk of developing AITD compared with those in the 10-100 μg/L group (OR = 2.076, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, a family history of thyroid disorders (OR = 4.035, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and higher education levels (specifically college education compared to primary school; OR = 2.608, <i>p</i>=0.016) were associated with an increased risk of AITD. Conversely, regular consumption of freshwater fish was correlated with a lower risk of developing AITD (at least once per week vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.472, <i>p</i>=0.009; at least once per month vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.693, <i>p</i>=0.042). Additionally, IL-6 levels in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. <b>Conclusions:</b> The case-control study demonstrated a significant association between the development of AITD and prolonged exposure to elevated iodine levels (above 100 μg/L) in water. AITD was found to be associated with several other factors. Risk factors for AITD include a family history of thyroid disorders and higher educational attainment. Additionally, the consumption of freshwater fish was identified as a protective factor. Identifying and understanding these significant risk and protective factors for AITD development are critical, and effective strategies should be developed and implemented for prevention and intervention targeting at-risk individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16587,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1510663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259323/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Iodine Levels in Drinking Water Is Associated With the Occurrence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders in Adults: Findings From a Case-Control Study Conducted in Shandong Province, China.\",\"authors\":\"Yang Du, Peng Liu, Xu Huang, Fangang Meng, Lijun Fan, Weijia Li, Jinyin Yao, Xianglan Chen, Zhuowen Li, Ming Li, Chunpeng Lv, Wen Jiang, Wei Zhang, Dianjun Sun\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/jnme/1510663\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Excessive iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relationship between prolonged exposure to iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) remains uncertain. The objective of the present study was to assess whether elevated iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water are a risk factor for AITD. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a case-control study at a hospital, enrolling 668 adults. We measured serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), water iodine concentration (WIC), and serum cytokine concentrations-including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). <b>Results:</b> The study demonstrated that individuals with water iodine levels > 100 μg/L had a significantly higher risk of developing AITD compared with those in the 10-100 μg/L group (OR = 2.076, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, a family history of thyroid disorders (OR = 4.035, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and higher education levels (specifically college education compared to primary school; OR = 2.608, <i>p</i>=0.016) were associated with an increased risk of AITD. Conversely, regular consumption of freshwater fish was correlated with a lower risk of developing AITD (at least once per week vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.472, <i>p</i>=0.009; at least once per month vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.693, <i>p</i>=0.042). Additionally, IL-6 levels in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. <b>Conclusions:</b> The case-control study demonstrated a significant association between the development of AITD and prolonged exposure to elevated iodine levels (above 100 μg/L) in water. AITD was found to be associated with several other factors. Risk factors for AITD include a family history of thyroid disorders and higher educational attainment. Additionally, the consumption of freshwater fish was identified as a protective factor. Identifying and understanding these significant risk and protective factors for AITD development are critical, and effective strategies should be developed and implemented for prevention and intervention targeting at-risk individuals.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":16587,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism\",\"volume\":\"2025 \",\"pages\":\"1510663\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-07\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259323/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1155/jnme/1510663\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/1/1 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"eCollection\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"NUTRITION & DIETETICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jnme/1510663","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"NUTRITION & DIETETICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Iodine Levels in Drinking Water Is Associated With the Occurrence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders in Adults: Findings From a Case-Control Study Conducted in Shandong Province, China.
Background: Excessive iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relationship between prolonged exposure to iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) remains uncertain. The objective of the present study was to assess whether elevated iodine levels exceeding 100 μg/L in drinking water are a risk factor for AITD. Methods: We conducted a case-control study at a hospital, enrolling 668 adults. We measured serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), water iodine concentration (WIC), and serum cytokine concentrations-including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results: The study demonstrated that individuals with water iodine levels > 100 μg/L had a significantly higher risk of developing AITD compared with those in the 10-100 μg/L group (OR = 2.076, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a family history of thyroid disorders (OR = 4.035, p < 0.001) and higher education levels (specifically college education compared to primary school; OR = 2.608, p=0.016) were associated with an increased risk of AITD. Conversely, regular consumption of freshwater fish was correlated with a lower risk of developing AITD (at least once per week vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.472, p=0.009; at least once per month vs. hardly eat, OR = 0.693, p=0.042). Additionally, IL-6 levels in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusions: The case-control study demonstrated a significant association between the development of AITD and prolonged exposure to elevated iodine levels (above 100 μg/L) in water. AITD was found to be associated with several other factors. Risk factors for AITD include a family history of thyroid disorders and higher educational attainment. Additionally, the consumption of freshwater fish was identified as a protective factor. Identifying and understanding these significant risk and protective factors for AITD development are critical, and effective strategies should be developed and implemented for prevention and intervention targeting at-risk individuals.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering the broad and multidisciplinary field of human nutrition and metabolism. The journal welcomes submissions on studies related to obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, molecular and cellular biology of nutrients, foods and dietary supplements, as well as macro- and micronutrients including vitamins and minerals.