Beyond rodents: The integral role of domestic animals in biomedical research

Annually, around 100 million vertebrate animals are utilized globally in biomedical research, with rodents, specifically mice and rats, being the most commonly used animals in laboratory settings. While rodent models have substantially advanced our understanding of basic biological mechanisms, the translation of these findings often benefits from the use of large animal models, which offer several key advantages for bridging preclinical research to human applications. Thus, domestic animals are increasingly recognized as valuable laboratory animal models to mirror human diseases, assess pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and biologics; conduct xenotransplantation to alleviate human organ shortages; evaluate medical devices; test new surgical techniques; and assist in medical imaging research (X-ray, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging). Sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, dogs, cats, horses, donkeys and rabbits represent key domestic species employed in biomedical research. Their comparable body size and lifespan, anatomical and physiological similarities to human organs, and the resemblance of some of their naturally occurring diseases to human conditions have driven the increased use of domestic animals as laboratory models. Advances in genomic technologies and gene editing have further enhanced the value of domestic animals, enabling the development of tailored disease models and translational studies. Future strategic and sustained investment in genetic engineering, biobanking, and the development of species-specific research tools is essential to fully realize the translational potential of domestic animal models. By examining key examples and emerging trends, this review highlights the indispensable role of different species of domestic animals in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical applications.