Thermoelectric generation: principles, applications, and prospects

In energy utilization and conversion, a large amount of underutilized energy dissipates into the environment, causing waste and thermal pollution. Thermoelectric generation (TEG) technology is a direct energy conversion technology based on the thermoelectric (TE) effect, which has attracted widespread attention. Therefore, this paper systematically explores the current application status and prospects of TEG under different heat sources. Firstly, the key technological applications of various heat sources were summarized. Then, the latest developments in system design, integration optimization, and multi-technology coupling were analyzed. Through these studies, it has been found that a significant gap exists between practical applications and material innovation. In the future, low-cost and highly stable TE materials should be developed at the material level, and packaging technology should be optimized to extend device lifespan. In addition, a well-structured coupling system can enhance system performance, strike a balance between performance and cost, and further expand market demand. Finally, this manuscript aims to help readers understand the development trends of TEG applications, to promote their large-scale application and technological innovation in green energy utilization.