Advances in non-thermal and electrochemical CO2 conversion technologies towards net-zero emissions

The escalating challenges posed by extreme climate change and the rapid greenhouse effect have heightened stress and urgency among governments, researchers, and the public. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), have significantly contributed to rising atmospheric temperatures, with agriculture, forestry, and industrial activities accounting for 22 % and 17 % of global emissions, respectively. In 2022, global GHG emissions reached 53.8 Gt CO₂eq, underscoring the critical need for net-zero technologies and a circular carbon economy. This review systematically evaluates the efficiencies of non-thermal and electrochemical CO₂ conversion technologies, including plasma, artificial photosynthesis, and electrochemical methods, for achieving net-zero emissions. These advanced technologies offer promising pathways for converting CO₂ into value-added chemicals, such as syngas, methanol, and formic acid, while reducing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, upscaling these technologies from laboratory to industrial scales presents significant challenges, including high energy consumption, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts. The review highlights the mechanisms of CO₂ conversion, economic considerations, and the potential for industrial implementation. Priority research directions are identified, focusing on ecological footprints, green supply chains, and the integration of renewable energy sources. By addressing these challenges, non-thermal and electrochemical CO₂ conversion technologies can play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change and advancing toward a sustainable, circular carbon economy.