Driving Pesticide Application Efficiency through Nanoscale Interfacial Control.

Pesticide spraying is a cornerstone of modern agriculture, significantly boosting the food yield per unit area. However, inefficiencies in the spraying process─due to droplet loss─result in substantial environmental pollution and economic waste. A timely review and perspective are thus greatly needed, especially to guide future research. Here, we summarize the critical factors affecting droplet retention, including leaf surface characteristics and droplet dynamics, with a focus on micronano scale solid-liquid interfacial interactions. We also summarize common spraying additives and their action mechanisms. Additionally, we highlight the role of nanopesticides in enhancing the penetration of active ingredients on leaf surfaces. The perspective concludes with an urgent call for developing more sustainable and efficient pesticide spraying systems and emphasizes the collaborative role of multiple disciplines in shaping the future of sustainable agricultural practices.