Japanese clinical guidelines for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Recent advances in imaging technology and increased options of pharmaceutical therapy require that guidelines on the diagnostic criteria and treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) be updated at regular intervals. These guidelines aim to standardize the management of neovascular AMD based on the latest understanding of its pathophysiology, advancements in diagnostic imaging modalities, and treatment options. The key updates include: (1) a revision of terminology and stage classification, adopting the AMD classifications of atrophic and neovascular, and adding end-stage AMD to the existing early, intermediate, and late stages; (2) the inclusion of pachychoroid in addition to drusen in the initial pathophysiology and pathogenic background; (3) diagnostic criteria defined by the presence of macular neovascularization based on multimodal imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography; (4) assessment of disease activity based on OCT; and (5) treatment guidance, including prophylaxis and low vision care as well as loading and maintenance phases by use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and adjunctive therapies. We hope that these guidelines will be useful for those working in clinical practice in Japan, in other Asian countries, and in countries outside Asia.