High-dose olanzapine versus clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects approximately 30 % of schizophrenia patients and represents a significant clinical challenge. Although clozapine remains the gold standard treatment, it is underutilized due to hematological monitoring requirements, though recent FDA guidance has made such monitoring less restrictive. High-dose olanzapine has emerged as a potential alternative; however, comparative evidence has been mixed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were searched, from inception to February 2025. Studies that directly compared high-dose olanzapine (≥20 mg/day) with clozapine in treatment-resistant populations were included. The primary outcomes included changes in overall psychopathology as measured by PANSS total scores or BPRS total scores, along with positive and negative symptom subscales, positive and negative symptoms, and adverse events. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, which were included in the meta-analysis. Using random-effects models, clozapine demonstrated significant superiority for positive symptoms (MD = −1.30, 95 % CI [−2.52, −0.08]), whereas differences in overall psychopathology (MD = −2.50, 95 % CI [−6.53, 1.53]) and negative symptoms (MD = 0.21, 95 % CI [−1.96, 2.38]) were not significant. High heterogeneity was observed across the outcomes (I² = 61–98 %). In the pediatric population, clozapine showed clear superiority. Olanzapine demonstrated better general tolerability with lower discontinuation rates due to adverse events but Some studies showed significantly greater weight gain with high-dose olanzapine (≥20 mg/day) compared to clozapine (15.9 vs 3.5 lbs). Although clozapine remains the most effective option for TRS, particularly for positive symptoms, high-dose olanzapine represents a viable alternative with a different efficacy and risk profile. Treatment decisions should be individualized, considering specific symptom profiles, prior treatment responses, susceptibility to side effects, and patient preferences. Both medications require careful monitoring for metabolic side effects.