Adaptive Negative Damping Control for User-Dependent Multi-Terrain Walking Assistance With a Hip Exoskeleton.

Hip exoskeletons are known for their versatility in assisting users across varied scenarios. However, current assistive strategies often lack the flexibility to accommodate for individual walking patterns and adapt to diverse locomotion environments. In this work, we present a novel control strategy that adapts the mechanical impedance of the humanexoskeleton system. We design the hip assistive torques as an adaptive virtual negative damping, which is able to inject energy into the system while allowing the users to remain in control and contribute voluntarily to the movements. Experiments with five healthy subjects demonstrate that our controller reduces the metabolic cost of walking compared to free walking (average reduction of 7.2 %), and it preserves the lower-limbs kinematics. Additionally, our method achieves minimal power losses from the exoskeleton across the entire gait cycle (less than 2 % negative mechanical power out of the total power), ensuring synchronized action with the users' movements. Moreover, we use Bayesian Optimization to adapt the assistance strength and allow for seamless adaptation and transitions across multiterrain environments. Our strategy achieves efficient power transmission under all conditions. Our approach demonstrates an individualized, adaptable, and straightforward controller for hip exoskeletons, advancing the development of viable, adaptive, and user-dependent control laws.