Recent developments and modifications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for hydrogen adsorption and storage

This review examines hydrogen energy as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, noting its high energy density and zero-emission combustion. The paper addresses the critical issue of hydrogen storage, evaluating techniques such as high-pressure storage, liquefaction, and physisorption, with a focus on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs, especially multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), are acknowledged for their high surface area, stability, and enhancement of hydrogen storage capacity via functionalization. Despite their promise, issues such as slow kinetics, high production costs, safety concerns, and long-term durability must be resolved. The review concludes by discussing ongoing research aimed at optimizing CNT synthesis, functionalization, and storage systems, positing that advancements in these domains could facilitate CNT-based hydrogen (H₂) storage for clean energy applications, including fuel cells and transportation.