Optimizing plant resilience with growth-promoting Rhizobacteria under abiotic and biotic stress conditions

Global crop production is increasingly threatened by abiotic and biotic stressors, with climate change expected to worsen challenges such as extreme weather events, drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogen attacks. To sustain agricultural productivity, there is a growing need for eco-friendly and sustainable solutions that help plants cope with these stresses. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have emerged as valuable allies, enhancing plant resilience through various direct and indirect mechanisms. By improving nutrient uptake, producing stress-alleviating compounds, and stimulating plant defenses, PGPRs contributes to healthier crops and higher yields. Furthermore, they offer a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and synthetic agrochemicals. This review explores the diverse roles of PGPRs in mitigating abiotic and biotic stress, shedding light on their mechanisms and potential applications in modern agriculture.