Photoprotective efficacy of dibenzalacetone in sunscreen formulations: Physicochemical properties, synthesis, characterization, potential applications in sunscreen and biological activities.

Sunscreens reduce the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by reflecting, absorbing or scattering photons. UVR comprises ultraviolet-B (UVB), which plays a major role in sunburn and the development of skin cancers, and ultraviolet-A (UVA), which contributes to photoaging and skin damage. The application of sunscreen is among the most effective approaches to mitigating UV-induced damage. As a topical photoprotective agent, it can be classified as either inorganic (physical blockers) or organic (chemical absorbers). Physical sunscreens are particularly beneficial for people who are hypersensitive to UVA and visible light, such as those who have photosensitising diseases. Chemical sunscreens that selectively absorb UVB and/or UVA, include cinnamates, benzophenones, benzimidazoles and dibenzalacetone (DBA). DBA is a synthetic compound with potent UV-absorbing properties, making it an important component in sunscreen formulations for effective skin protection. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of DBA, focusing on its physicochemical properties, conventional synthesis methods and structural characterization using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, its potential applications in sunscreen formulations and other biological activities are critically investigated.