Archaeological science in Latin America

Archaeological science has long been central to uncovering and understanding the complexities of the human past. In Latin America, a region renowned for its intricate tapestry of cultural heritage, history and prehistory, the application of scientific methods has yielded transformative insights, ranging from the lifeways of Late Pleistocene hunter–gatherers to the iconic traditions of the Andes and Mesoamerica. This special issue of Archaeometry showcases studies that illustrate the expansive scope of archaeological science in the region, with a particular emphasis on the evolution of research, methodological advancements, diverse applications and ethical considerations.

The scientific study of archaeology in Latin America has roots in the early 20th century, when relative dating techniques, such as ceramic typology, began to inform cultural chronologies. However, it was not until the mid-20th century that radiocarbon dating revolutionized the field, allowing for the development of more precise chronological frameworks. Later, archaeological science in Latin America began to incorporate biomolecular and geochemical techniques, including stable isotope analysis and palaeogenomics, which enabled scholars to address questions of diet, mobility and population dynamics with unprecedented specificity. Historically, however, the field in Latin America has evolved against a backdrop of significant challenges, with many countries lacking the infrastructure and funding necessary to sustain scientific research. This has led to a reliance on international collaborations to varying degrees, with facilities in Europe and North America often playing a central role. Whilst these collaborations have been valuable, they can inadvertently reinforce power imbalances, with minimal representation of Latin American and Indigenous researchers or communities. Addressing these inequities is essential to fostering a more equitable future for archaeological science in the region. It is our hope that this special issue contributes to this effort by highlighting home-grown research and locally developed initiatives led by scholars within Latin America.

The eight papers featured in this issue underscore the methodological diversity and interdisciplinary approaches that characterize the vibrant field of archaeological science in Latin America. Tessone et al. (2024) utilize stable isotope analyses to reconstruct dietary practices and mobility patterns in the Andes, shedding light on the complex interplay between environmental adaptation and cultural change. De la Fuente Castro and Figueiro (2024) delve into the potential of ancient DNA to unravel human population histories, whilst addressing ethical considerations and logistical challenges unique to the region. Lantos et al. (2025) provide a comprehensive review of organic residue analysis, demonstrating its utility in exploring dietary practices, psychoactive substance use and technological innovations in pottery. Macario et al. (2025) highlight the significant impact of radiocarbon dating facilitated by the establishment of the LAC-UFF AMS facility in Brazil, which has greatly enhanced regional accessibility to chronometric analysis. Similarly, Solís et al. (2024) explore advancements in radiocarbon dating in Mexico, centred on the LEMA facility, outlining case studies that demonstrate the integration of Bayesian chronological modelling and radiometric techniques in archaeological interpretation. Arriaza and Amarasiriwardena (2024) explore toxicity in antiquity with the identification of metal and metalloid contaminants in Andean communities. Martínez-Carrasco and Gajardo-Araos (2024), and Lozada Mendieta and Villagran (2024) outline the status and application of ceramic analyses in Andean and Amazonian contexts, deepening our understanding of technological traditions and cultural exchanges in those regions.

Collectively, these papers highlight how localised infrastructure, innovative methodologies and collaborative networks continue to catalyse new discoveries, offering profound insights into Latin America's cultural and environmental histories.

Looking ahead, the future of archaeological science in Latin America holds immense promise. The region's archaeological record is both diverse and captivating, encompassing monumental infrastructure in the Amazon (Prümers et al., 2022; Pugliese et al., 2024; Roosevelt et al., 2012) and innovative strategies of agricultural intensification in challenging environments (Santana-Sagredo et al., 2021). Research in Latin America also extends beyond the analytical techniques showcased in this special issue, covering, for example, studies in metal (Figueroa et al., 2015; Plaza et al., 2023), rock art (Sepúlveda, 2021) and obsidian (Barberena et al., 2011; Campbell et al., 2018). By harnessing advancements in archaeological science, researchers have the opportunity to expand horizons and uncover new dimensions of Latin America's rich and complex past. Moving forward, however, substantial investments in educational initiatives, networking opportunities and the acquisition of essential equipment are indispensable. Equally vital is cultivating equitable partnerships with international institutions and strengthening internal collaboration across Latin America, effectively utilizing existing resources and facilities, such as LEMA and LAC-UFF for radiocarbon dating. These efforts have the potential to bridge gaps in expertise and resources, whilst promoting a shared vision for the future of archaeological science. As such, this special issue not only celebrates the achievements of archaeological science in Latin America so far but also serves as a call to action. By building on the foundations laid, we can envision a future where the archaeological record is investigated with both scientific rigor and cultural sensitivity, fostering research that is innovative and also inclusive and equitable.