Design, synthesis and anti-cancer activity of novel 1,2,3-triazole hybrids of erlotinib against cervical cancer via MAPK signaling pathway.

Cervical cancer, a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, ranks fourth in incidence and mortality among female cancers globally, which highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic agents to improve treatment outcomes. In this study, 16 new erlotinib-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized via click chemistry and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities against HeLa cells using the MTT assay. Compound 3h exhibited the most potent antitumor activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 1.35 ± 0.74 µM, significantly lower than that of erlotinib (IC₅₀ = 25.91 ± 1.35 µM). Further assays showed that compound 3h reduced cell viability, inhibited colony formation, and suppressed migration. It arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced mitochondrial apoptosis, marked by decreased Bcl-2, increased Bax, and downregulated Caspase-9, Caspase-3, and PARP-1. Additionally, compound 3h promoted ROS accumulation, induced γ-H2AX expression, and regulated the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38. Molecular docking studies suggested direct binding to these MAPKs. Overall, compound 3h inhibited HeLa cell proliferation by inducing ROS-mediated DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptosis via the MAPK pathway. This study provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of erlotinib-1,2,3-triazole derivatives in cervical cancer treatment, offering new strategies for developing effective and low-toxicity drugs.