Advancements in Selenium-Based Nanomedicine: Transforming Cancer Therapy Across Diverse Types

Selenium (Sel) is an important trace element that plays a role in a variety of biological processes and reactions across species. It is well known for its antiviral, antioxidant, cytokine-modulating, immune-boosting, and anticoagulant characteristics, which have the potential to help manage illnesses like cancer. With the evolution of nanotechnology, customized medicine has made great progress, notably in increasing medication targeting while reducing the toxicity of anticancer treatments. Targeted nano-drug delivery systems are now being used to circumvent multidrug resistance and minimize side effects. By encapsulating medicines, these systems improve their solubility and tumor-targeting efficacy via active and passive transport modes. Sel nanoparticles (NPs) (Sel-NPs) have been identified as a potential anticancer platform because to their regulated size, excellent drug-loading capacity, increased antitumor efficacy, and reduced cytotoxicity. Importantly, no significant health hazards or toxicities have been documented in people or animals after utilizing these biogenic synthetic materials, making them a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution. This review focuses on current breakthroughs in cancer therapy and preventive research using synthetic and biogenic Sel-NPs alone and in combination with chemo-, radiation-, and immunotherapy, as well as the hurdles faced during their development.