A Recent Progress on Upgrading of Furfural and Derivatives into Green Transport Fuels and Precursors via CC Coupling Reactions

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuel precursors offers a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fuel production, which often poses risks and contributes to carbon emissions. Furfural stands out in this context due to its high value and reactivity, presenting opportunities to enhance sustainable fuel production. With increasing demand for fuel precursors in aviation and road transportation, recent research has focused on CC coupling reactions, notably aldol condensation and hydroxyalkylation–alkylation (HAA), to transform furfural and 2-methylfuran into fuel-range alkanes. This review summarizes recent advancements in these reactions, particularly those involving furfural and 2-methylfuran derived from furfural hydrogenation. By exploring the potential and limitations of these processes, this review aims to provide insights into their role in cleaner, more efficient fuel production. Additionally, as technology progresses, it is crucial to highlight emerging innovations in furfural and 2-methylfuran coupling reactions, which could redefine energy production by offering cleaner and less energy-intensive solutions. This review will discuss these technologies, paving the way for future research and development in the quest for sustainable energy alternatives.