Harnessing the Potential of Stimuli-Responsive Double-Network DNA Hydrogels Toward Nanotheranostics

The convergence of hydrogel science and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology has led to the development of an innovative category of materials: double-network (DN) DNA hydrogels. These hydrogels are gaining consequential attention because they show advanced responsiveness toward functional stimuli, thus revealing their remarkable potential in therapeutics. This review comprehensively examines the different strategies for synthesizing double-network (DN) DNA hydrogels, delving into their classification based on their response to biological and nonbiological stimuli. This highlights the innovative methodologies that enable the design of these hybrid hydrogels, which guarantee high-toughness and low-cost materials. This review also reports certain recent studies on these hydrogels, emphasizing the intricate relationship between the structure and performance of DN DNA hydrogels and confirming their tailored mechanical properties achieved through programmable DNA sequences and versatile ligation techniques. This report not only provides an overview of the mechanical properties of DNA hydrogels from a synthetic standpoint for various applications but also discusses methods for regulating these properties. Therefore, this report anticipates that readers will procure an ample portrayal of innovative synthesis techniques, diverse classifications, and promising applications of DN-DNA hydrogels, offering a roadmap for future research and development in this transformative area of materials science.