RNAi revolution in agriculture: unlocking mechanisms, overcoming delivery challenges, and advancing sustainable Pest control.

RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective gene silencing technique that can be used for sustainable crop production in agriculture for meeting the growing global food challenges. Despite the potential of using RNAi in plants, the delivery of RNAi remains a significant challenge that has resulted in application and development of novel strategies in an effort for effective pest control. In this review, we explore the mechanism of RNAi, focusing on the roles of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and other key proteins involved in gene silencing. The contribution of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) to the systemic spread of RNAi in eukaryotic cells, including pests and pathogens, is also highlighted. We examine the development and transformation of transgenic plants, while acknowledging the ethical, political, and legal concerns surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Furthermore, recent innovations in dsRNA delivery including nanoparticle-based carriers and topical applications for pest control have been reviewed with supporting evidence from the latest literature. We have concluded the importance of this mechanism for sustainable agriculture production and suggested some future directions for improving RNAi delivery systems. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.