Oral and Maxillofacial Manifestations of Gardner Syndrome: A Literature Analysis.

Background and objective: Gardner syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal condition of neoplasms and adenomatous polyps, particularly in the colon and rectum. If left untreated, these polyps develop into colon cancer. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial to improve prognosis among patients. However, the majority of the existing research is limited to single case studies, which lack generalizability. Therefore, this systematic review provides a thorough synthesis of GS-related dental symptoms along with diagnostic and treatment options, and outcomes in the published literature.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 2 databases and the Google Scholar search engine. Case reports detailing oral symptoms in GS patients were included. The extracted information was synthesized using descriptive measures (frequencies and percentages) in a tabular format.

Results: Of 676 studies, 33 studies were found eligible and evaluated statistically. GS has been investigated in 38 cases, with a larger prevalence among males than females. Mandibular osteomas/odontomas/dermoid cysts were the most frequently reported symptoms (84.21%). Teeth-related symptom was impacted teeth (50%), supernumerary teeth (23.68%), and missing teeth (18.42%). The predominant radiographic findings were osteomas (84.21%), followed by irregular and dense bony regions in the mandible (50%). In 23.68% of cases, osteoma was resected. Teeth extraction was performed in 21.05% of cases. In total, 5.26% had osteoma recurrence.

Conclusions: Oral and maxillofacial features can serve as a significant diagnostic indicator for screening and subsequent confirmation of GS in affected patients, allowing for timely referral and care. Dental professionals must be properly trained to identify the dental and maxillofacial manifestations of the disease.