Mohd Hashim, Intekhab Alam, Mohammad Ahmad, Badruddeen, Juber Akhtar, Mohammad Irfan Khan, Anas Islam, Shumaila Parveen
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Comprehensive Review of L-Lysine: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Physiological Roles.
L-lysine, an essential amino acid, is indispensable for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, collagen crosslinking, mineral absorption, and carnitine biosynthesis. Its biosynthesis occurs via the Diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway in bacteria and plants and the α-aminoadipate (AAA) pathway in fungi and some archaea. Lysine catabolism primarily involves the saccharopine pathway. Lysine deficiencies can lead to connective tissue disorders, impaired fatty acid metabolism, anemia, and protein-energy malnutrition. Commercial production relies predominantly on microbial fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum, with strains enhanced through classical and metabolic engineering approaches. With global production exceeding 1 million tons annually, which is largely dominated by Chinese manufacturers, lysine supplements are readily accessible and exhibit absorption rates comparable to those of dietary protein sources. Beyond its nutritional role, lysine is integral to epigenetic regulation via histone modifications and is implicated in diseases, such as hyperlysinemia and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsies, underscoring its vital role in health maintenance and industrial relevance.
期刊介绍:
Current Protein & Peptide Science publishes full-length/mini review articles on specific aspects involving proteins, peptides, and interactions between the enzymes, the binding interactions of hormones and their receptors; the properties of transcription factors and other molecules that regulate gene expression; the reactions leading to the immune response; the process of signal transduction; the structure and function of proteins involved in the cytoskeleton and molecular motors; the properties of membrane channels and transporters; and the generation and storage of metabolic energy. In addition, reviews of experimental studies of protein folding and design are given special emphasis. Manuscripts submitted to Current Protein and Peptide Science should cover a field by discussing research from the leading laboratories in a field and should pose questions for future studies. Original papers, research articles and letter articles/short communications are not considered for publication in Current Protein & Peptide Science.