Cytotoxicity of surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing composite resin in human periodontal ligament cells.

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of various composite resins (CRs) on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, focusing on material composition and ion release. Eight CRs of three sizes were tested: Large (6.5 mm diameter, 1.5 mm thickness), Medium (2.0 mm diameter, 1.5 mm thickness), and Small (1.5 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness). Cytotoxicity was assessed by cell counting on immortalized and primary PDL cell lines. CRs containing Surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler showed significant size-dependent cytotoxicity, with larger specimens exhibiting higher ion release of BO₃^3-, Sr²⁺, SiO₃^2-, and F^-, which correlated with adverse effects. Smaller specimens with reduced ion release had lower cytotoxicity and sometimes promoted cell proliferation. These results emphasize the role of material composition and ion release in the biocompatibility of CR for subgingival restorations. Optimizing specimen size and controlling ion release could mitigate adverse effects, suggesting further research to balance therapeutic benefits and risks in periodontal tissues.