Ventilator-associated pneumonia: how long is long enough?

Purpose of review: To provide an updated overview of optimal antibiotic duration in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), integrating guideline recommendations, clinical evidence, and expert opinion.

Recent findings: A randomized controlled trial, retrospective studies and meta-analyses support shorter (≤7-8-day) regimens for immunocompetent patients with VAP, reducing toxicity and, potentially, resistance development without compromising outcomes. However, while short-course regimens are increasingly supported, recent trials of newer agents often report durations >7 days, reflecting real-world challenges in resistant pathogens and trial design.

Summary: VAP remains the leading healthcare-associated infection in intensive care units (ICUs), related to worse outcomes and contributing substantially to antimicrobial use. Historically, prolonged antibiotic courses (≥10-14) were standard, particularly for cases involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms. This review synthesizes current evidence supporting shorter course therapy for VAP (≤7-8 days), emphasizing the importance of clinical response and individualization. While guideline convergence on 7-8 days has grown, exceptions apply for specific pathogens (e.g., nonfermenters, MDR or XDR organisms), bacteremia, slow response, or structural lung disease. Biomarkers like procalcitonin may assist in select cases but lack VAP-specific validation. Regular reassessment is essential to balance efficacy with stewardship. Evidence gaps remain for immunocompromised patients and ultra-short regimens.