Mesenchymal stem cell membrane camouflaged mesoporous polydopamine for Parkinson's disease treatment via alleviating oxidative stress mediated neuroinflammation

Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to oxidative stress, which induces neuroinflammation and accelerates disease progression. To address this, we developed mPDA@MSC, a nanosystem consisting of mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) nanoparticles coated with a mesenchymal stem cell membrane (MSCm), which exhibits ROS-scavenging properties. The mPDA structure significantly enhanced ROS-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, while the surface-encapsulated MSCm enabled effective blood-brain barrier traversal and targeted the lesion site in the PD brain. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that mPDA@MSC exerted anti-Parkinsonian effects through multiple mechanisms, including ROS scavenging, modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, and promotion of the transition from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes. This resulted in the reversal of dopaminergic neuron damage, inhibition of α-synuclein (α-syn) production, and improvement in behavioral deficits and other phenotypes. These findings highlight the potential of mPDA@MSC as a therapeutic agent for PD and introduce a novel approach to anti-PD therapy.