Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into fuel chemicals: Progress, challenges, and future directions

The escalating global climate crisis necessitates a universal imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among these efforts, the effective utilization of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is pivotal for achieving energy conservation, emission reduction, the ambitious “dual-carbon” goals, and ensuring national energy security. This review critically examines recent advancements in the catalytic conversion of CO₂ into C₁ fuel chemicals, such as methanol, methane, and formic acid. By highlighting the significance of transforming CO₂ into C₁ compounds for alleviating energy shortages and promoting sustainable carbon recycling technologies. Detailed discussions cover current technologies, reaction mechanisms, and representative catalysts involved in these conversion processes. Despite the promising potential, challenges persist, including catalyst cost and efficiency, as well as the economic viability of large-scale production. Future research directions focus on developing more efficient and cost-effective catalyst systems, optimization reaction conditions, and exploring novel conversion pathways. Continuous technological advancements are anticipated to mature CO₂ utilization technologies, significantly contributing to the realization of dual-carbon objectives and the advancement of sustainable energy technologies.