Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and comparative study of porous metal–organic frameworks, ternary quantum dots and their composite as sensors for the electrochemical determination of bisphenol A†

Sensitive and rapid electrochemical sensors for bisphenol A (BPA) determination were developed using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), ternary quantum dots (TQDs), and their composite (TQDs@MOFs). The electrochemical sensors were characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, PL, and single X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical responses using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) reveal that the composite modified electrode has an enhanced response and performed better and faster with the highest oxidation peak current of 2.70 × 10⁻⁴ over a suitable potential separation window of 0.939 V. Under optimized conditions and over an examined concentration range from 4 ηM to 16 ηM, the composite modified electrode displays a linear relationship with an increase in concentration with a limit of detection of 1.01 ηM, a limit of quantitation of 3.08 ηM, and a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.995 (S/N = 3). The composite modified electrode demonstrated good stability, reproducibility, and selectivity in the presence of other interfering substances. The practicability of the composite modified electrode was achieved using real water samples with a percentage recovery of 96.46–101.70% and a relative standard deviation of 3.22–5.06%.