Insights to phytochemistry, analytical methods, pharmacological activities, stability, and specifications of alantolactone

Alantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone derived from plants of the Asteraceae family, has been extensively studied for its diverse pharmacological potential. Research suggests that various biochemical pathways are involved in the bioactivity of alantolactone, such as STAT3 (Single transducer and activator of transcription 3), MAPK/NF-κB (Mitogen-activated protein kinases/ Nuclear factor kappa-light chain enchancerof B cells), and YAP1/TAZ (Yes-associated protein 1/Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif pathway) pathways for anticancer, proinflammatory cytokines NF-ΚB and STAT3 signaling for anti-inflammatory, Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway for antioxidant, L-type voltage-gated calcium channels for antihypertensive, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for antifungal properties, and potential to alter lipid metabolism via suppression of IL-6 (Interleukin-6) stimulated TLR-4 (Toll-like receptor) expression. Additionally, alantolactone has been explored for its insecticidal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. The review provides a comprehension on phytochemistry, including chemical framework, biosynthesis, techniques for isolating and extracting alantolactone, synthetic transformations, analytical aspects, a detailed understanding of the therapeutic potential established through in vivo and in vitro studies, bioavailability and bio-accessibility, toxicity profile, and the patent landscape on alantolactone.