A physically consistent dataset of water-energy-carbon fluxes across the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum.

Hight-quality and Long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes are vital for climate monitoring and Land Surface models (LSMs) benchmarking. Eddy covariance provides key in-situ data for theory and LSMs evaluation, but most flux towers lack continuous soil-plant-atmosphere measurements. Here, we present a long-term global dataset of water, energy and carbon fluxes, along with the corresponding above and below-ground hydrological, photosynthetic, and radiative data derived from the STEMMUS-SCOPE model simulations at 170 sites. In-situ observed fluxes data from PLUMBER2 and soil moisture (SM) data from FLUXNET2015 are employed to validate the effectiveness of the STEMMUS-SCOPE dataset. Results demonstrate that, without site-specific model tuning or calibration, and driven solely by global parameters and forcing datasets, simulated net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, gross primary production, net ecosystem exchange, and SM datasets consistently agree with available in-situ measurements (median KGE: -0.03 to 0.80; median R²: 0.46 to 0.97; median rRMSE: 4.09% to 29.11%). This dataset supplements the existing ecosystem flux and SM network, enhancing our understanding of ecosystem functioning.