Reframing small-scale gold mining cooperatives: Evidence from Brazilian Amazon

Contemporary studies highlight the role of mining cooperatives in fostering social inclusion and economic development among their members within the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) sector. Researchers have noted that, despite these benefits, many miners have a limited understanding of the full potential of cooperatives to support improvements in working conditions and governance practices. This study aimed to explore how mining cooperatives contribute not only to the formalization of ASGM activities but also to the organization, technical, and social development of the sector. The data collection took place from September 2017 to August 2023 at an ASGM cooperative located in a century-old artisanal mining community in the Lourenço District, Amapá, Brazil. The methods included 15 field observations, 27 semi-structured interviews, and secondary data. The results reveal structural challenges in the cooperative's governance, mining practices, health and safety, self-organization efforts, and the strong connection with the local community. This study reinforces the need for coordinated interventions that focus on professionalizing management, strengthening institutional support, enhancing occupational health and safety, reducing mercury use, and establishing partnerships with diverse stakeholders.