Exploring Artemisia essential oils as natural larvicides for Culex mosquito control

Vector-borne diseases account for approximately 17 % of all infectious diseases, posing a significant threat to global health. Mosquitoes, among the most notorious vectors, transmit deadly pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue, and malaria, contributing to over 700,000 deaths annually—disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. The overuse of synthetic pesticides has led to environmental pollution and widespread pest resistance, necessitating the development of eco-friendly alternatives, including plant-derived essential oils (EOs). Artemisia species (Asteraceae family) produce diverse bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which demonstrate potent larvicidal activity against mosquito vectors like Culex pipiens. This review explores the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, and bioactive properties of Artemisia species, focusing on their EOs as natural bioinsecticides. Special attention is given to the larvicidal efficacy of Artemisia EOs against C. pipiens and recent advancements in encapsulation techniques to enhance their longevity and effectiveness. Given the escalating challenges of insecticide resistance and mosquito-borne diseases, Artemisia EOs represent a sustainable and promising alternative for integrated vector control strategies.