Comparative evaluation of antioxidant status, stress, and hepatorenal biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in In-Pond raceway and traditional aquaculture systems.

The in-pond raceway system (IPRS), is an intensive aquaculture technology that has gained attention in recent years. This study evaluated the comparative effects of In-Pond Raceway Systems (IPRS) and traditional aquaculture systems on oxidative status, stress indices, and biomarkers of liver and kidney function, as well as proteinogram in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over 2, 4, and 6 months. The results revealed that serum total antioxidative capacity (TAC) level were significantly lower in the IPRS group compared to the traditional system at all time points (p < 0.01 at 2 months, p < 0.001 at 4 and 6 months), indicating oxidative stress in the IPRS. Stress markers such as cortisol and glucose levels were significantly elevated in the IPRS group at 4 and 6 months (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), while triglycerides and cholesterol levels were consistently higher in the IPRS group across all time points (p < 0.001 for triglycerides, p < 0.001 at 2 months and p < 0.01 at 4 and 6 months for cholesterol). Liver function biomarkers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), showed no significant differences between the two systems, except for a transient increase in ALT at 4 months in the IPRS group (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the need for optimized IPRS management strategies, particularly adjusted stocking densities, to mitigate physiological stress and ensure sustainable aquaculture. The traditional system demonstrated lower stress impacts, promoting better health and metabolic stability, offering valuable insights for balanced aquaculture practices.